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Education Policies in the 21st Century Comparative Perspectives
The nation-state has assumed its current form after having undergone significant transformations. In the developmental and transformational process of the nation-state, the definition and expected functions of education as well as the forms of educational intervention have also transformed. This transformation became much more saturated starting in the last quarter of the twentieth century. This transformation, situated within the framework of neoliberal approaches and the phenomena of globalization, has merged with the phenomena of digitalization and network society. We live in a post-nation-state period now. Education has also undergone significant changes in terms of its purpose, scope, organization, and form during the nationalization, nation-state, open society, and connectivity phases of the nation-state’s transformation. In the post-nation-state period, radically changing expectations have brought about deep-rooted and holistic reform movements in educational systems. Although reform movements in terms of the domains of system, teacher, curriculum, school, environment, educational output, and lifelong learning differ from one nation to another, these reform movements jointly aspire to reach global standards and provide standardization and developed control mechanisms in educational systems. This chapter examines the transformation of the nation-state, the effects of this transformation over education, educational approaches in the post-nation-state period, and the efforts to transform and reform educational systems through a comparative analysis within a conceptual framework.
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